• Cognitive aging shows resilience rather than universal decline, with longitudinal and cross-sectional work indicating maintained or improved performance when supported by experience and strategy use. [9], [5], [20], [18], [1], [3], [13].

• Methodological and translational bridging across lab and real-world aging contexts; methodological challenges in lifespan research and efforts to translate lab findings to education and practice. [2], [3], [15], [17], [14].

• Lifelong education and cognitive development across the lifespan, emphasizing education as a lever for maintaining cognitive competence. [14], [17], [5].

• Sociocultural and ontogenetic dimensions shape adult development, including shifts in social roles, generational structures, and life-situation contingencies. [6], [16].

• Individual differences in processing and sex-related variability in cognitive processing and social behaviors emerge in adulthood, informing nonuniform aging trajectories. [18], [12], [7].